Allergy

Overview

Allergy services focus on diagnosing, managing, and treating allergies, which occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, known as allergens. Allergies can cause mild to severe reactions, affecting the skin, respiratory system, digestive system, and, in extreme cases, leading to life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis.

Allergy services provide testing, treatment, and ongoing management to help individuals minimize symptoms and improve their quality of life. People of all ages can develop allergies, and early diagnosis and intervention can prevent complications.

Common Allergies

Allergies are triggered by various substances, including:

• Pollen (Hay Fever): Seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by pollen from trees, grass, and weeds.
• Dust Mites: Microscopic organisms found in bedding, furniture, and carpets.
• Pet Dander: Shed skin flakes from cats, dogs, and other furry animals.
• Mold: Fungi that grow in damp environments, such as bathrooms and basements.
• Food Allergies: Common triggers include peanuts, tree nuts, dairy, eggs, soy, wheat, shellfish, and fish.
• Insect Stings: Reactions to bee, wasp, or ant stings, which can be severe.
• Medications: Allergic responses to drugs such as antibiotics, aspirin, or anesthesia.
• Latex: Found in gloves, balloons, and medical equipment.

Symptoms

Allergic reactions vary depending on the allergen and the individual's sensitivity. Common symptoms include:

• Sneezing, runny or stuffy nose
• Itchy, watery eyes
• Coughing or wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Skin rashes, hives, or swelling
• Stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting (food allergies)
• Anaphylaxis (severe reaction causing difficulty breathing, swelling, and drop in blood pressure)

Causes and Risk Factors

Allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat and releases chemicals like histamine, triggering symptoms. Risk factors include:

• Family history of allergies
• Asthma or other respiratory conditions
• Exposure to allergens at an early age
• Environmental factors such as pollution or climate

Diagnosis

Allergy specialists diagnose allergies through:

• Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin, and reactions are observed.
• Blood Test: Measures the immune system’s response to specific allergens.
• Elimination Diet: Identifies food allergies by removing and reintroducing potential triggers.
• Challenge Test: Conducted under medical supervision to confirm suspected food or drug allergies.

Treatment Options

While allergies cannot be cured, treatments can reduce symptoms and improve daily life. Treatment options include:

• Avoidance Strategies: Identifying and avoiding known allergens.
• Medications:
  • Antihistamines to relieve sneezing and itching
  • Decongestants for nasal congestion
  • Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
  • Epinephrine (EpiPen) for severe allergic reactions
• Allergy Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots): Gradually exposes the body to allergens to build tolerance.
• Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT): Allergy drops placed under the tongue for desensitization.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of allergic reactions:

• Keep indoor air clean with HEPA filters.
• Wash hands and face after outdoor activities.
• Avoid known food allergens and read ingredient labels carefully.
• Keep pets out of bedrooms and bathe them regularly.
• Use dust-proof covers on pillows and mattresses.
• Carry an epinephrine auto-injector if at risk of anaphylaxis.

When to See a Doctor

Consult an allergy specialist if you experience:

• Persistent allergy symptoms affecting daily activities
• Frequent sinus infections or asthma flare-ups
• Severe reactions such as difficulty breathing or swelling
• Suspected food or medication allergies

With proper diagnosis and management, individuals with allergies can lead healthy, symptom-free lives.